Classification Of Organisms

RESENSI BUKU NON-FIKSI

Sering kita jumpai dalam surat kabar maupun berita yang berjudul “Timbangan Buku” atau “Resesnsi”, yang sepintas berita itu kurang diperhatikan pembaca. Namun bagi penulis yang gemar membaca, timbangan buku ini sudah barang tentu tak akan dilewatkan begitu saja. Dan kali ini saya akan membahas tentang resensi buku non-fiksi yang sedang menjadi tugas bahasa Indonesia kelas XII saat ini di sekolahku.

        Ada yang tau apa itu resensi buku non-fiksi ? Yaps., resensi buku nonfiksi adalah sebuah karya tulis yang bertujuan untuk mengulas sebuah buku novel, untuk memberikan gambaran kepada orang lain tentang keberadaan buku novel tersebut secara lengkap, baik dari unsur luar ( ekstrinsik ) buku nonfiksi maupun unsur dalam ( intrinsik ) buku non-fiksi tersebut. Resensi atau Timbangan Buku adalah berita yang memberikan penilaian suatu buku yang baru diterbitkan. Penilain apakah buku baru itu baik atau tidak untuk dibaca.

           Sebagaimana dijelaskan dalam dasar materi bahwa resensi berasal dari bahasa latin yaitu “revidere” atau “recensere” ( kata kerja ) yang mempunyai arti melihat kembali atau menilai. Dalam bahasa belanda disebut juga “resencie” dan dalam bahasa inggris disebut “review”. Dari ketiga bahasa tersebut kata resensi mengacu pada sebuah arti kata " mengulas sebuah buku ".

Seorang resentator/Penulis resensi yang baik, dalam memberikan pertimbangannya pada sebuah buku yang baru diterbitkan harus memberikan ulasan-ulasan yang objektif mengenai hal-hal berikut :

         Jenis buku

Jenis/bentuk buku itu apakah berupa novel, biografi, atau yang lain. Selain itu seorang resentator menyebutkan juga buku termasuk buku fiksi atau nonfiksi.

         Keaslian ide

Buku itu apakah benar-benar merupakan karya asli dari pengarangnya atau merupakan jiplakan maupun terjemahan dari buku lain yang pernah terbit.

         Bentuk

Bagaimana mengenai bentuk atau format dari buku itu. Apakah bentuknya, kertas, ilustrasi cover, jenis huruf yang dipakai, dan sebagainya.

         Isi dan Bahasa

Dilihat dari segi isi, resentator perlu memperhatikan unsur-unsur intrinsiknya, yaitu tentang tema, alur, perwatakan, sudut pandang dan sebagainya. Bahasa dalam buku itu dapat ditinjau dari segi sruktur kalimat, gaya bahasa/style, ungkapan dan lain-lain. Apakah bahasa yang digunakan memakai bahasa sehari-hari yang segar tidak menjemukan, mudah dimengerti oleh pembaca, dan sebagainya. Mudah dipahami atau sukar diterima pembaca. Pengujian materi mendapat perhatian juga dari resentator.

         Simpulan

Akhirnya seorang penulis resensi harus dapat menyimpulkan, apakah buku itu baik dan perlu dibaca atau tidak dengan cara :

• menulis data buku yang dibaca,

• menulis ikhtisar isi buku,

• mendaftar butir-butir yang merupakan kelebihan dan kekurangan buku,

• menuliskan pendapat pribadi sebagai tanggapan atau isi buku, dan

• memadukan ikhtisar dan tanggapan pribadi ke dalam tulisan yang utuh.

Prinsip dasar penulisan resensi buku non-fiksi yakni bertujuan untuk :

1.      memberikan informasi atau pemahaman tentang sebuah buku nonfiksi (baru) kepada khalayak ramai secara komprehensif tentang apa yang tampak dan terungkap dalam buku tersebut.

2.      mengajak pembaca untuk memikirkan dan merenungkan isi dalam sebuah buku non-fiksi

3.      Memberikan pertimbangan kepada pembaca apakah nonfiksi itu layak dibaca atau tidak

4.      Menjawab pertanyaan yang muncul jika seseorang bertanya tentang nonfiksi yang baru dijumpai dala hal, siapa pengarang nonfiksi, mengapa dan bagaimana liku-liku pengarang menulis buku nonfiksi tersebut, apa yang dapat ditemukan dalam buku nonfiksi tersebut, bagaimana hubungan buku nonfiksi tersebut dengan buku yang sejenis dan bagaimana hubungan dengan buku yang sejenis dengan karya pengarang yang sama maupun dengan buku lain dan karya pengarang yang lain pula.??

Untuk kalangan tertentu resensi buku nonfiksi bertujuan sebagai berikut :

1.      Dengan membaca resensi buku nonfiksi akan mendapatkan bimbingan dalam memahami isi buku nonfiksi mulai dari penggunaan kebahasaan buku nonfiksi dan lain sebagainya.

2.      Dengan membaca resensi buku nonfiksi dapat memberikan gambaran tentang pengarang dan keberadaannya kepada kalangan masyarakat secara nyata.

Sebuah resensi harus memuat hal-hal sebagai berikut.

1. Data buku atau identitas buku

a. Judul buku

    Jika buku yang akan kamu resensi adalah buku terjemahan, akan

    lebih baik jika kamu menuliskan judul asli buku tersebut.

b. Penulis atau pengarang

    Jika buku yang diresensi adalah buku terjemahan, kamu harus

    menyebutkan penulis buku asli dan penerjemah.

c. Nama penerbit

d. Cetakan dan tahun terbit

e. Tebal buku dan jumlah halaman

2. Judul Resensi

    Judul resensi boleh sama dengan judul buku, tetapi tetap dalam konteks buku itu.

3. Ikhtisar Isi Buku

Dalam meresensi buku, seorang peresensi harus menulis buku yang hendak diresensi. Ikhtisar adalah bentuk singkat dari suatu karangan atau rangkuman. Ikhtisar merupakan bentuk singkat karangan yang tidak mempertahankan urutan karangan atau buku asli, sedangkan ringkasan harus sesuai dengan urutan karangan atau buku aslinya.

Adapun hal-hal yang harus diperhatikan dalam membuat ikhtisar isi buku adalah sebagai berikut.

a. Membaca naskah/buku asli

    Penulis ikhtisar harus membaca buku asli secara keseluruhan untuk

    mengetahui gambaran umum, maksud, dan sudut pandang pengarang.

b. Mencatat gagasan pokok dan isi pokok setiap bab

c. Membuat reproduksi atau menulis kembali gagasan yang dianggap

    penting ke dalam karangan singkat yang mempunyai satu kesatuan yang padu.

4. Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Buku

    Penulis resensi harus memberikan penilaian mengenai kelebihan dan kelemahan buku yang disertai dengan ulasan secara objektif.

5. Kesimpulan

    Penulis resensi harus mengemukakan apa yang diperolehnya dari buku yang diresensi dan imbauan kepada pembaca. Jangan lupa cantumkan nama kamu selaku peresensi.

Perhatikan contoh resensi berikut!

1.      Judul : Pesona Barat: Analisa Kritis-Historis tentang Kesadaran Warna

Kulit di Indonesia

Penulis : Vissia Ita Yulianto

Penerbit: Jalasutra, Yogyakarta

Cetakan : 1, 2007

Tebal : xvii+170 halaman

                                   KETERPESONAAN “TIMUR” TERHADAP “BARAT

Definisi “cantik” kini sudah mengalami pergeseran makna. Idealisme kecantikan yang terdapat dalam kakawin-literatur pada zaman budaya Jawa, belum mempunyai hubungan atau kontak dengan budaya Barat menunjukkan kecantikan diasosiasikan dengan alam, seperti bunga, gunung, laut, dan padanan lainnya.

Di era 1980-an, perempuan Indonesia tersihir dengan kosmetik lokal yang menjanjikan kulit kuning langsat bak putri keraton. Kini, cantik dinarasikan dengan warna kulit yang putih, badan tinggi semampai, dan wajah Indo. Hal ini terepresentasi dengan munculnya berbagai iklan yang menawarkan produk pemutih kulit dan wajah Bagi masyarakat, khususnya perempuan Indonesia, memiliki kulit putih bukan semata-mata karena warna kulitnya saja, tetapi juga semua simbol yang melekat padanya: prestise, percaya diri, superioritas, dan dipandang sebagai satu representasi “Barat”.

Buku ini menyajikan sebuah konteks bagaimana kolonialisme Belanda, refeodalisme rezim Orde Baru, dan kapitalisme global menjadi sebuah sinergi dalam membentuk kesadaran tentang dan perilaku terhadap warna kulit di Indonesia kontemporer. Di bawah kolonialisme Belanda, politik diskriminasi dan pemaksaan budaya mengakibatkan berakarnya mentalitas inlander (konsep rendah diri) dalam masyarakat pribumi. Menganggap “Barat” sebagai bangsa yang lebih unggul, merasa rendah diri di hadapan mereka, serta masih adanya mental inlander inilah yang dimaksud penulis sebagai keterpesonaan bangsa “Timur” yang “terjajah” terhadap “Barat”.

2.      Judul Buku : Cerdas Bahasa Indonesia Untuk SMA/MA Kelas XXI

Pengarang : Engkos Kosasih

Penerbit : Erlangga

Kota Terbit : Jakarta

Tahun : 2008

Harga : Rp 25.000,-

Jenis Kertas : HVS

Menuntut ilmu itu wajib atas tiap Muslimin dan Muslimah. [Al-Hadits]

“Barang siapa yang menempuh satu jalan untuk menuntut ilmu maka Allah akan mempermudah jalannya menuju surga.” (HR.Muslim)

Jika ada yang memahami hadits di atas secara tekstual. Secara tekstual, Hadits di atas memang mewajibkan ummat Islam untuk menuntut ilmu. Kewajibannya adalah wajib ain, artinya wajib bagi setiap ummat Islam.

Buku bersampul hijau dan kuning ini berisi 196 halaman dan terdapat 8 bab,4 bab pada pembahasan pertama, 4 bab lainnya pada pembahasan kedua. Pada pembahasan pertama yaitu kegiatan bersama, Bab I tertulis pada halaman 1, BAB II terdapat pada halaman 25, BAB III (Keperluan Hidup) tertuang dalam halaman 47, Bab IV berisi “Melejitkan Potensi Diri” tertulis pada halaman 73. Pada pembahasan yang kedua yaitu Bab V pada halaman 103 membahas menghargai kretivitas, Bab VI membahas tentang “Budaya Daerah” bab ini tertulis pada halaman 125, Bab VII membahas tentang “Menguasai Ilmu Pengetahuan”, Bab VIII membahas tentang “Kegiatan Berkesan”. Pada akhir buku ini terdapat Epilog ditulis pada sampul belakang.

Di dalam buku ini juga dilampirkan tokoh-tokoh atau sosok cerdas yang ada disetiap awal bab pembelajaran baru. Sehingga hal tersebut dapat membuat pembaca atau memotivasi pembaca untuk meneladaninya. Serta, dalam buku ini pembaca diharapkan menjadi orang yang cerdas berbahasa Indonesia.

Buku ini mengandung MISI untuk menghidupkan potensi pembaca agar benar-benar cakap berbahasa Indonesia dengan tetap berciri orang Indonesia. Berkarakter bangsa merupakan misi lainnya pula dari buku ini. Banyak fitur-fitur yang di sertakan dalam buku ini yaitu; Apresiasi, Lintas Akademika, Studi Lapangan, Studi Pustaka, Telusur Makna, Tes Kognitif, Uji Kompetensi, dan Refleksi Diri yang dapat menuntun pembaca menjadi pribadi yang cerdas dan bekerja sama.

Dalam akhir atau kover belakang buku terdapat epilog menjelaskan visi-visi khusu dalam setiap jilidnya, salah satunya Lerning To Be (merupakan visi buku kelas XII jilid ke 3. Berdasarkan visi tersebut Anda diajak untuk meneladani tokoh yang ditampilkan, yakni Sosok Cerdas. Dengan cara begitu, Anda diharapkan untuk dapat tertarik untuk mempelajari pelajaran tersebutdan termotivasi mengikuti jejak langkah tokoh.

Kegiatan-kegiatan dalam buku ini sesungguhnya mengarahkan pembaca untuk selalu santun berbahasa, mengajak pula untuk selalu peduli pada dunia sekitar, dan asyik bekerja sama.

Penulis menggunakan kalimat yang berpanjang lebar dalam menerangkan permasalahan tetapi gampang dimengerti. Bahasa yang digunakan adalah bahasa Indonesia yang santun, baik dan benar.

Gaya penulis menuangkan idenya adalah dengan gaya bercerita, itu dilihat dari tulisan penulis yang menjelaskan sesuatu dengan contoh hal ini mempermudah pembaca memahami suatu pembahasan.

Dengan melakukan pendekatan-pandekatan yang terdapat buku ini menjadi kelebihan tersendiri, namun terdapat kekurangan pada buku ini yaitu catakannya yang berwarna hitam putih dan secara kasat mata gambar yang ditampilkan kurang jelas. Hal ini dapat mengurangi minat pembaca untuk membaca buku ini

Dibandingkan dengan buku lainnya buku ini lebih mudah dimengerti dan bagi anda pembaca buku ini sangat mudah untuk mengaplikasinya.

Buku ini berguna bagi siapa saja terutama bagi para pelajar saja yang ingin belajar berbahasa Indonesia, buku ini juga cocok buat para pembaca lain yang ingin belajar berbahsa Indonesia karena terdapat pembahasan mudah dimengerti.

Penulis menggunakan kalimat yang berpanjang lebar dalam menerangkan permasalahan tetapi gampang dimengerti. Bahasa yang digunakan adalah bahasa Indonesia yang santun, baik dan benar.

Semua itu tergantung pada pembaca yang ingin menambah wawasan tentang Berbahasa Indonesia, karena saya hanya mengenalkan bagaimana buku tersebut, dan saya menjelaskan apa adanya.

source :

iwanbahasadansastra.blogspot.com , Kompas, 26 Agustus 2007 , www.crayonpedia.org , dinarwahyu.blogspot.com

13 KINDS OF GENRE TEXT

I.      NARRATIVE TEXT

A.    Social function of narrative text is to amuse, entertain the reader about the vicurious experiencess in different ways.

B.     Type of narrative text :

a)      Fable

b)      Fairly tale

c)       Legend

d)      Myth

e)       Folk tale

C.     Generic structure

a)      Orientation

Introduction into characters or partisipans and also the setting

b)      Complication

The rising of problems

c)       Resolution

The problem is solved for better or for worse

d)      Reorientation

In the ending of the story

D.    Language features

a)      Past tense : long time ago, one day, etc

b)      Action tense : run, walked, etc

c)       Saying tense : said, told, etc

d)      Thinking tense : felt, thought, etc

Title	CINDERELLA
Orientation	Once upon a time there was a beautiful girl called Cinderella. She lived with her stepsister and step mother and they were very bossy. She had to do all the house work.
Complication	One day an invitation to the ball came to the family. Her stepsister did not let her to go, so Cinderella was very sad. The stepsister went to the ball without her.
Resolution	Fortunately, the fairly godmother came and helped her to get to the ball. At the ball, Cinderella danced with the prince. The prince fell in love with her then he married her. They lived happily ever after.

II.      ANECDOTE

A.    Social function of anecdote is to retell an unusual or amusing incident, not only to make people laughter but also to reveal the truth its self.

B.     Generic structure

a)      Abstract

Statement introducing the topic closely related with the title and usually inform rhetorical questions at first.

b)      Orientation

Is part where the writer tell who, when, where the story happens.

c)       Crisis

Is a part of unusual incident happens

d)      Reaction

Tells how the subject of the story reacts to the incident

e)       Coda

Is the closing part of the story. The writer may tell how the subject solve problem and the end of the incident

C.     Language features

a)      Using exclamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers

b)      Using material process

c)       Using temporal conjunction

How would you like to find a snake in you bath?

We had just moved into a new house, which had been empty for so long that everything was in a terrible mess. Anna and I decided that we would clean the bath first, so we set to, and turned on the tap.
Suddenly to my horror, a snake's head appeared in the plug hole. Then out slithered the rest of his long thin body. He twisted and turned on the slippery bottom of the bath, spitting and hissing at us.
For an instant I stood there quite paralyzed. Then I yelled for my husband, who luckily came running and killed the snake with the handle of a broom.
Anna, who was only three at the time, was quite interested in the whole business. Indeed I had to pull her out of the way or she'd probably have lean over the bath to get a better look.
We found out later that it was a black mamba, a poisonous kind of snake. It had obviously been fast asleep, curled up at the bottom of the nice warm water-pipe. It must have had an awful shock when the cold water came trickling down! But nothing tothe shock I got! Ever since then I've always put the plug in firmly before running the bath water

III.      RECOUNT

A.    Social function of recount is to retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event

B.     Generic structure

a)      Orientation

Tells who was involved, what happened, where the events took place, and when it happened

b)      Event

Tell what happened and in what sequence

c)       Reorientation

Consist of optional closure of event or ending

C.     Language features

a)      Using simple past tense : visited, had, etc

b)      Using action verb : helped, crutched, erc

c)       Using adjectives

Title	Camping
Orientation	Last weekend, my friends and I went camping. We reached the camping ground after we walked for about one and a half hour from the parking lot.
Events Event 1 Event 2 Event 3 Event 4 Event 5	We built the camp next to a small river. It was getting darker and colder, so we built a fire camp. The next day, we spent our time observing plantation and insects while the girls were preparing meals. In the afternoon we went to the river and caught some fish for supper. At night, we held a fire camp night. We sang, danced, read poetry, played magic tricks and even some of us performed a standing comedy. On Monday, we packed our bags and got ready to go home.
Reorientation	Although we felt tired, we all were happy because we got a lot of experiences of self living part from our parents.

IV.      SPOOF

A.    Social function of spoof is to tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain the readers

B.     Generic structure

a)      Orientation

The beginning of the story.it contains the introduction of characters and the setting of the story

b)      Series of events

It contains what happen to the characters

c)       Twist

It contains unpredictable funny ending of the story

C.     Language features

a)      Using action verbs : walked, told, saw, ran away, etc

b)      Using connectives verbs : first, then, after that, etc

c)       Using adverbs of time and place

d)      Using simple past tense

The Zoo Job Story

One day a clown was visiting the zoo and attempted to earn some money by making a street performance. He acted and mimed perfectly some animal acts. As soon as he started to drive a crowd, a zoo keeper grabbed him and dragged him into his office. The zoo keeper explained to the clown that the zoo's most popular gorilla had died suddenly and the keeper was fear that attendance at the zoo would fall off. So he offered the clown a job to dress up as the gorilla until the zoo could get another one. The clown accepted this great opportunity.

So the next morning the clown put on the gorilla suit and entered the cage before the crowd came. He felt that it was a great job. He could sleep all he wanted, played and made fun of people and he drove bigger crowds than he ever did as a clown. He pretended the gorilla successfully.
However, eventually the crowds were tired of him for just swinging on tires. He began to notice that the people were paying more attention to the lion in the next cage. Not wanting to lose the attention of his audience, he decided to make a spectacular performance. He climbed to the top of his cage, crawled across a partition, and dangled from the top to the lion's cage. Of course, this made the lion furious, but the crowd people loved it.

At the end of the day the zoo keeper came and gave him a raise for being such a good attraction. Well, this went on for some time, he kept taunting the lion, the audience crowd grew a larger, and his salary kept going up. Then one terrible day happened. When he was dangling over the furious lion, he slipped and fell into the lion cage. The clown was really in big terrible situation. He was terrified.
Sooner the lion gathered itself and prepared to pounce. The clown was so scared. He could do nothing and he began to run round and round the cage with the lion close and closer behind. Finally, the lion could catch him. The clown started screaming and yelling, "Help me, help me!", but the lion was quick and pounces. The clown soon found himself flat on his back looking up at the angry lion and suddenly he heard a voice from the lion’s mouth;"Shut up you idiot! Do you want to get us both fired?".

V.      DESCRIPTIVE

A.    Social function of descriptive is to describe and reveal a particular person, place or thing in detail.

B.     Generic structure

a)      Identification

Identifying the phenomenon to be described

b)      Description

Describing the phenomenon is parts, qualities, and characteristics or description of the object like shape, size, color, etc.

C.     Language features

a)      About particular person or thing

b)      Using figurative language : simmilary

c)       Using simple present tense

Title	Gua Tabuhan Is a Lively Unique Cave
Identification	In the cave nyi (mrs) Kamiyem and ki (mr) Padmo sit on a stone. Nyi kamiyem will sing a song and ki Padmo will beat the drum. Joining them are people called wiyogo which are drummers and other gamelan musicians.   What makes this unique is that they mix gamelan with the sound of nature. The visitors dance, forgetting all problems.
description	Many tourist go to this cave. Maybe you are interested in going there too. But you don’t know where it is. Gua tabuhan is located near Pacitan in East Java. It is situated in a lime hill called Tapan, in Tabuhan, Wareng village. The route is easy. Along the road there is beautiful tropical scenery to enjoy-rice fields, coconut palms and birds.   East of the cave peddlers sell souvenirs. The drink and food peddlers are on the north. People sell agates on the cave terraces. Somehow, it is like a fair.   It is said that the cave is the only place where nature produces sounds like the music of gamelan. nyi Kamiyem, the well down pesinden (traditional Javanese singer) from the village of Gabuhan, who often sings in the cave, does not doubt it.   Gua Tabuhan did not use to welcome visitor. According to Kartowiryo (90), village elder, gua Tabuhan used to be a hiding place for robbers. It was believed to be a sacred place. No one dared go inside. However, Wedana (chief of a district) Kertodiprojo, went to the cave to find out what was wrong. He found out that the cave was inhabited by the annoying evil spirits. The people chased the spirits away.   The cave is dark, so people need light, and a local guide will lead the way sometimes visitors bump their heads against the sharp rocks on the ceiling.   Inside the cave there is a plain. Big stone which is believed to be the prayer mat of Pangeran Diponogoro, one of the Indonesia heroes who fought against the Dutch. it is said that Pangeran Diponegoro used to seclude himself in the cave. Some people now use the place for meditation.   There is a stream in the cave, in the east corner, which can only be seen outside. However, it can be heard from inside.   Besides the cave, Watu karang, a beach nearby, is good to visit. By the way, want different souvenirs? You can find them in Donorodjo village where agate craftsman work. So, have a nice journey.

VI.      REPORT

A.    Social function of report is to describe the way thing are in general inferens / to report something.

B.     Generic structure

a)      General classification

Stating classification of general aspect of thing like animal, public space, plant, etc, which will be discussed in general

b)      Description

Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail, part by part, customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials. Usually the general fact of the subject.

C.     Language features

a)      Using action verb

b)      Using conditional logical connection : when, so, etc

c)       Using simple present tense

Title	Platypus
General classification	Many people call platypus duckbill because this animal has a bill like duckbill. Platypus is a native Tasmania and southern and eastern Australia.
Description	Platypus has a flat tail and webbed feet. Its body length is 30 to 45 cm and covered with a   thick and woolly layer of fur. Its bill is detecting prey and stirring up mud. Platypus' eyes and head are small. It has no ears but has ability to sense sound and light. Platypus lives in streams, rivers, and lakes. Female platypus usually dug burrows in the streams or river banks. The burrows are blocked with soil to protect it from intruders and flooding. In the other hand, male platypus does not need any burrow to stay.

VII.      PROCEDURE

A.    Sosial function of produce text is to describe how something is accomplashed done through a sequence of series or steps.

B.     Generic structure

a)      Goal

Showing the purpose to be accomplashed

b)      Material

Telling the needed materials

c)       Step 1, step 2, etc (Steps)

Describing the steps to achive the purpose or what has to be done.

C.     Language features

a)      Using temporal conjunction

b)      Using action verb

c)       Using imperative sentence : plug the cable into the socket.

d)      Using simple present tense

Goal	How to make an epe banana
Materials	1 bunch of bananas 1 liter of water 2 kg brown sugar 50 gr white sugar 10 gr vanilla essences
Steps	1.      Peel the bananas, then roast them over charcoal until some what soft and brown 2.      Flatten them with a special wooden clamp or, if you don't own one, use a large flat wooden spoon to flatten the bananas on a cutting board 3.      Sauce boil the water with the brown sugar white sugar and   vanilla essence until it dissolves into thick syrup, then pour over the bananas

VIII.      EXPLANATION

A.    Social function explanation text is to explain process involved in the formation/working in natural and cultural phenomena.

B.     Generic structure

a)      General statement

Stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained

b)      Sequenced explanation

c)       Stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena

a)      Language features

b)      Featuring generic partisipans : sun, rain, etc

c)       Using chronological connection : to begin with, next, etc

d)      Using passive voice pattern

e)       Using simple present tense

Title	Making Paper from Woodchips
General statement	Wood chipping is a process used to obtain pulp and paper products from forest trees. The wood chipping process begins when the trees are cut down in a selected area of the forest called a coupe.
Sequenced explanation	Next the tops and branches of the trees are cut out and then the logs are taken to the mill. At the mill the bark of the logs is removed and the logs are taken to a chipper which cuts them into small pieces called woodchips. The woodchips are then screened to remove dirt and other impurities. At this stage they are either exported in this form or changed into pulp by chemicals and heat. The pulp is then bleached and the water content is removed.
Closing	Finally the pulp is rolled out to make paper.

IX.      ANALITYCAL EXPOSITION

A.    Social function of analitycal exposition is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.

B.     Generic structure

a)      Thesis

Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position

b)      Arguments

Explaining the arguments to support the writer’s position. (stating the fact)

c)       Reiteration / conclusion

Restating the write’s position or the conclusion of the argument.

C.     Language Features

a)      Using evaluative language : important, valuable, trust worthy.

b)      Using passive voice

c)       Using causal conjunction

d)      Using simple present tense

Title	Controlling children using computer
Thesis	Computer and internet are useful as well as powerful. Information about health and safe usage of computer and Internet, especially for children, should be owned by each family. Computer connected to internet is powerful way to socialize with others. It can be good but also bad effect. Recently we hear a lot of children get the advantage of social networking sites but we often see the news about the disadvantage of it for children. Healthy and safety of computer and Internet usage should continue to be campaigned.
Argument	The role of parent in assisting and directing children in using computer is very necessary. Installation of software monitor such as key logger which has function to watch and note all activities relating to keyboard usage is helpful but not enough to protect children from potential harms. Children tend to hide what they have   done in front of the computer to their parent. They see that all of they have done are their privacy and no one may know.
Reiteration	We can not prevent children from using computer because it is multifunctional. However, many parents worry about what their kids do in front of the computer; whether they are doing homework or even just playing games. Or spending all time to surf internet which is the materials do not fit with his age. There is a tendency, especially teenagers, want to become acquainted with many strangers out side. The lack parental supervision of children's activities is likely to pose a potential danger to them. So parental monitor against the use of computers needs to be done from time to time.

X.      HORTATORY EXPOSITION

A.    Social function of hortatory exposition is a text which persuade the reader to have the addressee do something or act in certain way. Or should or should not be the chase.

B.     Generic structure

a)      Thesis

Is the background of the problem that will arise some arguments (stating writer’s issue)

b)      Argument

Is the reason for supporting the argument about the topic which is suppoting by the fact and avidence.

c)       Recommendation

Is a statement of what should or shouldn’t happen or be done based on the given argument of the writer.

C.     language features

a)      Using emotive words : worried, afraid, alarmed, etc

b)      Using words that qualify the statements : usual, probably, etc

c)       Using words that link arguments : firstly, however, therefore, etc

d)      Using compound and complex sentence

e)       Using modals and adverbs : may, should, must, etc

f)       Using subjunctive opinion : I, we, etc

Title	Watch your Kids While Watching TV
Thesis	Television becomes one of the most important devices which take place in almost houses. It can unite all members of the family as well as separate them. However, is it important to know what your kids are watching? The answer is, of course, absolutely “Yes” and that should be done by all parents. Television can expose things you have tried to protect the children from, especially violence, pornography, consumerism and so on.
Argument	Recently, a study demonstrated that spending too much time on watching TV during the day or at bed time often cause bed-time disruption, stress, and short sleep duration. Another research found that there is a significant relationship between the amount of time spent for watching television during adolescence and early adulthood, and the possibility of being aggressive. Meanwhile, many studies have identified a relationship between kids who watch TV a lot and being inactive and overweight. Considering some facts mentioning above, protect your children with the following tips: ·        -> Limit television viewing to one-two hours each day ·        -> Do not allow your children to have a TV set in their own bedrooms ·        -> Review the rating of TV shows which your children watch
Recommendation	Watch television with your children and discuss what is happening in the show

XI.      NEWS ITEMS

A.    Social function of news items text is to inform the readers about events of the day which are considered news worthy or important.

B.     Generic structure

a)      Newsworthy events

The main event that deserves to be news

b)      Background of the event

A description of the background of the events, where is the event, etc

c)       Resource of information

News sources, comments of the witnesses, opinion of experts, etc

C.     language features

a)      Using action verb

b)      Using saying verb

c)       Using adverb of time, adverb of place and adverb of manner

Title	Growing Number of High School Student Smoking
Newsworthy events	A survey has found about 13 percent of first-time smokers in the country are junior high school students. It also revealed 89 percent of young female employees were smokers.
Background of events	The survey was conducted in five major cities across the country, including Surakarta in Central Java. Muhammad Syahril Mansyur, the Surakarta Health Agency’s respiratory illness division, said that the finding of the survey showed an alarming growth rate of Indonesian smokers. "This situation is a cause for concern,” he said. “It appears the country’s younger generation is uneducated about the health risks of smoking.” The Indonesian anti-tobacco campaign has reportedly been deemed as ineffective as the government refuses to sign the international convention on tobacco control. It said that cigarette producers contributed to a large amount to state revenue and gave jobs to thousands of workers.
Resource of information	Source : www.tempointeraktif.com

XII.      REVIEW

A.    Social function of review is to critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience

B.     Generic structure

a)      Orientation

Background information on the text

b)      Evaluation

Concluding statement : judgment, opinion or recommendation

c)       Interpretative recount

Summary of an art works including characters and plot

d)      Evaluation summation

The last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art works being critized

C.     language features

a)      Using adjective

b)      Using long and complex clauses

c)       Using methapor

d)      Focuson specific participants

Tittle	Mr. Bean's Holiday
Orientation	Mr. Bean's Holiday It’s a film produced by Working Title Production entertaining and full of ridiculous views. The film is starred by the famous funny man Rowan Atkinson.
Evaluation	The film was begun by the crowd waiting for the announcement of prize won by Mr. Bean. The funny man began travelling with 200 euros heading to Cannes, France. Unfortunately, when he bought some snacks he missed the train so he had to wait for the next one. The film told about Mr. Bean’s effort to return a boy who missed his dad because of Bean’s fault. He was left by his dad in the railway station when Mr. Bean asked him to shoot using a camera. The door was closed but the man was still outside the train.
Interpretative recount	(riding bicycle) Every screen showed some funny, ridiculous moment and some beautiful scenery about France. An  interesting moment was when Mr. Bean and the boy tried to call the parent’s phone number. They tried every number because the last number giving the boy’s father couldn’t be caught by the camera brought by Mr. Bean. When they didn’t have coins to make a call, the boy begged to a woman and she gave a coin. When Bean tried the same action, the woman left him. (Mr. Bean reads the map) Mr. Bean and the boy made a part when Mr. Bean ran after a ticket for a bus. The man then met Sabine, an actress, who helped Mr. Bean and the boy to meet the boy’s parent.
Evaluation summation	In my opinion, this film is good for laugh. The story is not complicated and easy to understand although some conversations are in French language. The film is suitable to watch for every ages. But some scenes may be risky for children like when Sabine kissed Mr. Bean’s cheek to thank him and her low cut dress revealed part of her breasts. The film also shows a view of the beach where Mr. Bean was supposed to go, and there are a lot of women wearing bikinis. This is not good for teenagers.